2^nd International Conference on Coastal Zones July 17-18, 2017 Melbourne, Australia

Ho-Shong Hou has worked for three years as a Hydraulic Laboratory Director and Chief Research Engineer. In 1976, he has received his PhD in Civil and Coastal Engineering at the University of Florida. He has then worked as the Director of the Graduate Institute of Harbor and Ocean Engineering at the National Taiwan Ocean University and as an Adjunct Professor of the Institute of Naval Architecture at National Taiwan University. He subsequently became the Deputy Director of the Harbor Research Institute in Taichung and become the Division Director of the Institute of Transportation of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, for a total of 12 years. In 1995, he was promoted to Director-General of Department of Railways and Highways within the MOTC. In light of his outstanding engineering and administration background and achievements he was in December 1998 invited by Mayor of Kaohsiung to serve as Deputy Mayor. He was also subsequently appointed to the position of Chief Commissioner of the Kaohsiung City Election Commission. He is a Registered Civil and Hydraulic Engineer and an active Member of American Society of Civil Engineers. He was the President of PACON (2002-2008) International and a Life Member (2006).

Kaohsiung port collects steel and metal processing industry, shipbuilding, mold, machinery, green energy and biotechnology industries and other competitive industries. The port has the most advanced multi-layer refrigerated logistics warehousing equipment with airports can be developed into an international logistics cold chain product storage and delivery center and the transportation of Kaohsiung is convenient linking the processing zones and high economic crop areas. Therefore, it is quite convenient for importing raw materials or exporting products. In addition, the routes of Kaohsiung are intensive, could become an important transit hub in the Asia-Pacific region. It is advantage of Kaohsiung hub port. The future orientation of Taiwan's ports is towards international development. According to the natural conditions and transportation system of the port, the cargo throughput of Kaohsiung Harbor accounts for about one-half of the total port cargo throughput. Therefore, the best hub port development area is Kaohsiung Harbor. Kaohsiung port should be based on the port capacity needs to seek more development in the future. Such as the deep water port program for larger cargo ships, the maritime airport program to minimize the impact of land-based pollution and the establishment of a vessel traffic management system to ensure vessel safety.

Lucky Zamzami is a Lecturer in Cultural Anthropology at Andalas University in Indonesia. He has received BA degree from Andalas University in 2002 and MA degree from National University of Malaysia in 2004. He has been doing his field research in coastal fishing communities, where the matrilineal Minangkabau reside, along the Indian Ocean, focusing upon local mobility, fishery management, conservation strategy or poverty problems. Under the supervision of a maritime anthropologist, he is currently working for PhD thesis at Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology.

Along the coasts of the province of West Sumatra, a large number of new fishing groups of newcomers have had tremendous impacts on local marine resource conservation. At the village of South Tiku in Tanjung Mutiara District, Agam Regency, traditional fishing areas have been properly benefited by local fishermen. Together with the local government, they have conserved the area, where sea turtles, some species of finfish or coral reefs are protected. In former days the available marine resources were abundant but nowadays the villagers, all of whom belong to the ethnic group of matrilineal Minangkabau are not so happy with the contemporary maritime situations. Many non-local fishing boats from other parts of Sumatra, Java or Sulawesi are exploiting the marine resources illegally on the onshore and offshore waters. They are using modern fishing gears which are far better than local ones. The conflict between local fishers and non-local ones is becoming more and more serious. Since 20 years ago, on the other hand, many newcomers have flowed into the fishing village of South Tiku. Being mobilized from other districts in the province of West Sumatra uxorilocally, they have succeeded in establishing their own identity, in forming new groups and then in having economic powers inside the fishing community. Along with increasing the number of their households and with the growth in income, they are becoming leading actors there to be involved with the local resource conservation; the newcomers play a central role within some fishing activities such as using no harmful gears or controlling illegal catchings. When they came to the village of South Tiku, they had almost nothing. At present, however, they are sort of heroes, who seize the initiative of local fishery management.

Said Mazaheri has been involved in academic and industrial maritime sector for more than 25 years. Since 1991 he has been engaged in consultancy services as a Designer, Principal Expert, Project Manager, Head of Department and also Director of Business and International Affairs. He has also lectured and supervised many MSc and PhD students in the fields of coastal, offshore and ocean engineering. Meanwhile, he is a member of many scientific journals,

international organizations and technical panels. Furthermore, he is involved in postgraduate teaching and conducting research projects in the fields of ocean engineering and technology. He has lectured postgraduate courses such as Marine Hydrodynamics, Advanced Offshore Engineering and Computational Fluid Dynamics as well as many related marine short courses. His research interests are in the fields of water wave mechanics, wave hindcasting and forecasting, VIV of marine pipelines and risers, sea keeping of floating offshore platforms, ocean renewable energy and oil spill modeling.

Various spectral wave parameterizations are existed in WAVEWATCH III which can influence the simulated wave characteristics in a specified sea area. Previous researches showed that selecting appropriate spectral wave parameterization i.e., BAJ, WAM4, ACC350 and T&C depends on many factors including, sea characteristics and storm conditions which should be chosen separately in each region. In this research, spectral wave parameterizations have been evaluated and assessed in a semi-enclosed sea area such as Persian Gulf by using four buoy data in Lavan and Farour (2009-2010), Boushehr (2005) and Farzad A Platform (2013). ECMWF and NOAA data has been used as a wind field data over the simulated area in accordance to the relevant time period. All of the available spectral wave parameterizations were used separately in the simulation and the results, significant wave height, peak spectral period and wave direction were compared with measured values in each station. Results showed that ACC350 spectral wave parameterization overestimates the significant wave height in all stations especially in storm conditions, although other spectral wave parameterizations normally underestimate that value. Among all of the spectral wave parameterizations, WAM4 seems to be the most appropriate one for simulating significant wave heights in Persian Gulf. In respect to peak spectral period ACC350 showed better results among the other spectral wave parameterizations. Furthermore, the results of simulated wave direction showed less sensitivity to any spectral wave parameterization.

Jose Simao Antunes do Carmo has completed his MSc in Hydraulics and Water Resources in 1990 from University of Lisbon and his PhD in Engineering Sciences in 1995 from University of Coimbra, Portugal. He has been the Director of several degree and master courses in Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering in the period 1995-2010. He is Co-Editor of the International Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Editorial Board Member of the Ocean & Coastal Management. He has published over three dozen papers in ISI/WoS journals; two dozen papers in Portuguese scientific journals and over one hundred publications in international conferences. He is author of two books: “Modeling in Fluvial Hydraulics and Environment” and “Physical Processes and Computational Models in Coastal Engineering” and Co-Editor of three books: “Wastewater Treatment”, “River Basin Management III” and “Water Pollution VIII: Modeling, Monitoring and Management”. His main scientific areas of research are hydrodynamics, morphodynamics, coastal management, coastal processes, climate change and water quality.

Vulnerabilities and risks in coastal areas have been increasing, particularly since the middle of the past century and a much more marked increase is anticipated after the middle of the current century. It is clear that human action has been the primary cause of imbalances, both directly (through local actions) and indirectly (through contributions to global warming and climate change). It is well known that traditional protection techniques of hard engineering, such as using rubble-mound breakwaters, groins and seawalls are inadequate to combat erosion on a large scale. These types of structures have high maintenance costs and may not be cost-effective or sustainable in the medium and long term. In some cases, these structures may even accelerate erosion by redirecting wave energy. This type of protection also has significant environmental effects in sectors linked to tourism and in industrial, agricultural, commercial and/or recreational activities. Coastal zones sustainability depends on the success of an integrated adaptation to human action and other changes that consider and promote the system’s ability to adapt. Using primarily events and imbalances caused by human action along the Portuguese Atlantic coast in the last decades of the past century, such as those shown in Figure 1, this work aims to show the paradigm shift that has occurred in Portugal since the 1990s. Options of this type lead to major changes in coastal morphodynamic processes and are difficult to reverse. Several such options have been implemented in most coastal areas all over the world and have had very damaging consequences that must be reversed. In such circumstances, it is necessary and urgent to find answers to what to do and how to do it. Adding to the current coastal vulnerabilities those arising from ongoing climate change, we conclude by the need to accelerate the processes of implementing appropriate adaptation measures. Less successful interventions carried out along the Portuguese coast in the years between 1970 and 2010 will be shown and discussed together with possible solutions in the context of integrated coastal management. This work thus aims at assisting coastal communities in carrying out operational coastal management by presenting and discussing management tools and primary options that should be considered in any adaptation program to be implemented.

Hugh Kirkman has more than 37 years of marine research experience. He is a world authority on seagrass ecology and biology and completed a Ph.D. on seaweed. He has published 44 scientific papers in international journals, nine book chapters and nearly 50 reports. He has experience in marine systems and processes throughout Australia and has worked in many overseas countries. His scientific flexibility is reflected by his having published a number of papers on fauna in seagrasses, physiology in seaweeds and a proposal for growing trees in treated sewage. He also co-authored a paper on the effects of megacities on the marine environment and a review of the UNEP Regional Seas Programme.

There are many names for marine protected areas but their objective is conservation of biological diversity. It is not for fisheries management. The IUCN has set some globally used principles for choosing marine sanctuary zones. To begin with a country is divided into bioregions which means recognising distinct marine regions by their biological characteristics. Then the 14 principles are used to choose representative sites. Each site should represent a comprehensive selection of the biota, it should adequately cover the habitats in the bioregion and cover a representative selection of the biota. Australian marine protected areas are inadequate in all IUCN Principles except for the Great Barrier Reef. Seagrass is an important component of all states’ coastal waters but is not well represented in size and biological characteristics. States have started well with scientists choosing MPAs but these choices were compromised by fishers and the oil and gas industry.

Thomas H Rose has over 25 years’ experience working on migratory fish, trophics, eutrophication, estuarine ecology and developing and managing estuarine and coastal restoration and environmental management programs. He has extensive experience in environmental impact assessments, monitoring and analysis, working with stakeholders, community, researchers and industry and has worked with government to better understand environmental risk, undertake partnerships to help improve coastal land use and impacts on coastal resources. He has worked on multiple uses of coastal environments and has been an advocate of adaptive approaches to issues and solutions and more clever use of decision support systems to help transition to more sustainable coastal zone economies.

Undertaking environmental risk assessments for coastal environments is usually a complex, potentially conflict-ridden exercise. Human populations in countries are usually concentrated along coastal zones if they have significant areas of productive and accessible coast and a history of exploitation. They are naturally prone to multiple use conflicts, potential over exploitation and politics. This session will begin with a short presentation on environmental risk in the urbanized, industrial and recreationally popular Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. This case study will outline a basic approach to environmental risk assessment stimulated by a State Government Auditor General report on environmental management for the system. It will introduce how climate change and contaminant inventories can reveal important sources of environmental threats that need to be factored into any risk assessment. This presentation reviews environmental risk frameworks, the range of situations and degrees of complexity that shape assessments (contexts), essential components identifying and organizing existing and missing information, appreciating politics-social/cultural factors, megatrends and common factors influencing assessments, resources to undertake adequate assessments-more on information and integration and synthesis. It will close on the importance of cultivating champions, providing good information for decision making and how all together the process can be like the effort to search for the Holy Grail.

Nasrin Sultana has worked in the GIS/Photogrammetric/RS/3D/ GPS systems field for almost 15 years. She is highly experienced in GIS applications development for natural park management, property management, hydrology modeling, PRA GIS linkage, GIS business analysis, Sea level rise, climate change adaptation, flood mapping, vegetation mapping and canopy height modeling from liDAR. She is currently pursuing PhD in Geospatial Sciences School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne. She is also working for City of Whittlesea as a Senior GIS Officer.

The ultimate aim of this research using spatial data modeling is focused on enabling a sustainable environment by bringing the public policies into practice. The consequence will be sustainable spatially aware strategic planning for all levels of CZM. GIS are the platform that can serve this aim provided that model, current process and spatial datasets are fit for purpose. To bring public policy into practice a broad range of knowledge from different disciplines is needed. Most decision making processes are pressured in terms of time, driving forces and also the process is beyond the knowledge of individuals in the various disciplines. There is a need for immediate uptake models and tools which are relevant to the target subject that will facilitate decision making process. This research will focus on realizing the utility in spatial data handling in order to help CZM climate change adaptation programs at local government level. Web-based mapping tools can assist planners prepare for the changing climate conditions in LGA. The GIS team has gathered data from various climate research organizations to understand projections of what different climate scenarios might look like over the next 100-year period. From this website demo it is hoped that the user will understand how the tool works, background information on different GIS platforms, access to interactive mapping, online geospatial analysis tools, videos, open source, sea level tools, modeling, 3D visualization and direct download access to various planning and natural resource data sets relating to coastal zone management. We will provide some results from our elevation data analyses through these Web map visualization tools.

The integration of the social, economic and ecological criteria could provide better design of marine protected area (MPA). The northern waters of Taiwan have long exerted a value on fishery activity but lack of comprehensive conservation measures such as MPA. The purpose of this research is to design MPA under the integrated analysis of different index and try to minimize the conflicts between different stakeholders. Three hundred and thirteen (313) fishermen from major fisheries in New Taipei City, Keelung and I-Lan were interviewed during September 2015-September 2016. Another 60 logbook of 2014 were collected to estimate the catch per unit effort (CPUE), income per unit effort (IPUE), IUCN index, Shannon diversity index, richness and conceptions of fishermen were used. The additive weighting method is used to balance the social, economic and ecological perspectives scenario. There are four areas were suggested as MPA or should the enforcement should be strengthened, which include the northwest water around Keelung Islet (121.7°E, 25.1°N), Pengjia Islet (122.0°E, 25.6°N), northeast water around Craig Islet (122.3°E 25.6°N) and the southern water of Turtle Island (121.9°E, 24.6°N). The results also suggested having more strictly measures in the second and third seasons. As for the fishermen perception, the satisfaction of 3-natical miles closure area for trawlers was highest than the others. The effectives of torch light nets and gillnet is not enough and the measures of flying fish roe and crab fishery was questioned. However, the results showed the potential applicability of using fishermen' knowledge as a substitute for identifying ecologically important areas when data are limited.

The Arctic region is faced with many challenges today as well as changes that will continue to worsen in the future. As a result of a changing climate, we’re seeing melting permafrost and sea ice, ocean acidification, coastal erosion, glacial melt, and much more. Some of the results of these changes include sea level rise, community displacement, large die offs of species, damage to foundations and infrastructure, and placing job security and economies at risk. However, the changes occurring do not only affect the Arctic. Many of the changes taking place in the Polar Regions are indicators of what may happen in the future for other areas. The decisions made here, in the Arctic, may set a precedent for the changes that countries in the southern hemisphere may experience in the future. With that being said, I would like to raise awareness of Arctic issues and discuss how they may be pertinent to the audience and also discuss my personal experience of growing up in Alaska, becoming a United States Arctic Youth Ambassador and my role, and how to get more youth engagement from the perspective of a youth. I hope the audience attains or gains a better understanding of what the Arctic is, why they should care, and how to get youth more involved in the issues and why they’re important to have actively engaged.