2^nd International Conference on Coastal Zones July 17-18, 2017 Melbourne, Australia

Taiwan coast is surrounded by the Taiwan Strait and the Pacific Ocean. Sandy coasts are majority and severely scoured by North-Easterly winter monsoon and summer and autumn hurricane (i.e., typhoon). Link block (shore protection concrete block) are largely placed along the beach or vertical to the beach or even arranged offshore parallel to coast (i.e., offshore breakwater) to induce sediment behind the offshore breakwater to reclaimed the lost sand of beach (i.e., beach nourishment). Link block protect seaport such as Taipei Commercial Port Mailiao Industrial Port and fishery ports etc. Link block has a great function for shore protection and a good wave absorber for breakwater construction. It contributes a great potential ability to prevent wave action on the coastal zone.

Manijeh Ghahroudi Tali has completed her PhD from Tehran University in Iran. She has published more than 60 papers in journals, 6 books and 15 national projects. She was one of the founding members of the Iranian Geomorphologist Association, Iranian Hazardology Association and Crisis Management Association. Also she is a Member of the Center of Excellence for Spatial Analysis of Environmental Hazards. She is a Professor in Earth Science Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran.

The formation of coastal geomorphological phenomena in terms of size and type is in direct relation with littoral drift. Sediment reservoir and the strength of tidal and shoreline currents control the formation and absence of geomorphological phenomena. In Caspian coastal area because of, first lack of stone capes or even sedimentary capes and second absence of tidal actions, some forms of coastal sedimentation have not developed. Due to considerable reservoir of sediment and the CCW general flow of Caspian Sea and the conditions of dominant wave coasts in most of Caspian coastal area, however, coastal sand dunes, spits and finally some lagoons, sheltered by the spits, have been formed. In this study, using IRS panchromatic images, Landsat8+ETM panchromatic images and available reports, the effect of sediment transport leading to formation of coastal reliefs in Anzali Lagoon located in the coastal area of Caspian Sea has been investigated. The results revealed that the northern boundary of Anzali Lagoon is in fact, a coastal dune which geomorphologically appears to be a spit. Furthermore, there are traces of five coastal sand dunes in this area. Longitudinal sand dunes are stretched from Tazeh Abad to Hassan Rood and the maximum longitudinal stretch is 4 km, which is located in Northwest of Bandar Anzali. In addition, accumulated volume of annual sediment transport in this situation is 300000 cubic meters; therefore, the net rate of littoral drift, moving from East to West is estimated to be 25000 cubic meters. Bandar Anzali area appears to have once been lowland resembling a cove and coastal sediment transport has formed spits growing Eastward which their heads have moved toward Southeast within this cove. Upon the fill-up of this lowland by these spits, the current shoreline has been created and the trend, shoreline and the longitudinal sand dunes have become west to east. Studies regarding the coastal changes revealed that Bandar Anzali area is subject to 0.8 mm annual land subsidence; therefore, this process is one of the reasons leading to controlling the littoral drift direction toward the lagoon.

Rahisha Thottolil has completed her MTech (Geo-Informatics) with thesis work titled Integrated Coastal Zone Management of Mangalore Coast, India. Currently she is interacting and working with CSIR-CMMACS/KSRSAC on the various aspects of climate change and its impact studies in coastal Zone. She has clear understanding of atmospheric science, particularly global climate modeling, multi-source and multi-format data handling, remote sensing and GIS. She has handled large datasets from global climate model simulations and multi-source observation data. She works with ease on HPC systems using UNIX/LINUX, GIS and GrADS. She possesses strong analytical abilities and is self-critical in analysis of the results. Her ability to pick up new concepts, master necessary techniques and carry out careful interpretation makes her a researcher with great potential. She is particularly good at quantitative modeling of processes using remote sensing and GIS models.

Coastal zone is the main region of civilization and has been more exploited in recent years and the Mangalore Coast is not an exception to this. Its easy availability of resources has attracted the human beings but it has been misused and abused it without understanding its complexity. In this study, GIS based Coastal Zone Information System has been designed in the Mangalore coast (Gateway of Karnataka). The study proposes enhanced methods in order to ensure the sustainable development in Mangalore. Analysis of population in Mangalore reveals an increasing trend in urban sprawl. LULC detection is carried out by cutting edge technologies such as Remote Sensing and GIS. The analysis shows that agriculture land is depleted by urbanization and ecological sensitive area such as mangrove and mudflat were reduced. The various spatial and non-spatial data involving the study area were used to establish computer based information system for Mangalore. The system includes several kind of information such as census, climate variables, bathymetry, etc. It is a mobile free responsive website which contains all the information about Mangalore with Web-GIS development and interactive functionality. The system allows users to perform spatial data analysis, submitting spatial queries, identifying and retrieving attribute information as well as sharing data by different level of users such as planners and decision makers. This paper highlights the methods and results of using EO data and GIS that have helped in monitoring the land use and ecological sensitive area along the Mangalore.

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms and non-living components of their environment (things like air, water and minerals soil); interacting as a system. There are different types of ecosystems; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into marine (salt water) and fresh water ecosystems which have a distinct set of management issues such as ownership issues, harvesting methods and allowable harvest quotas. There are different activities from the different types of ecosystems; this includes diverse food webs, nursery and feeding ground for many species, high biodiversity, vulnerable benthic habitats, tourism and recreation, trading and energy of goods and services, fisheries and fish farming provides 90% of the world fish catch. The United Nations estimates that 70% of the world’s marine fisheries are being overexploited as the number of fishers’ increases. Marine ecosystems are very important for the overall health of both marine and terrestrial environments. The management of marine fisheries resources is the difficulty in achieving agreement on limits to the harvest, across the oceans (with area closure on fishing activities, marine protected areas (MPA) and Benthis habitats), for example, Canada, the USA over the management of Pacific salmon and the North Atlantic Cod in the 1990s. The management of coastal zones resources has difficulty in achieving agreement on urbanization with challenges such as water quality and pollution and development in Shoreline stabilization, land reclamation. Thus, there is need for management tools in addressing the land-sea interface (coastal zone) is one of the most complex areas of management being the home to an increasing number of activities, rights and interests especially in mining and sand gravel activities. For example, there is a sea of chaos superimposed projection of all activities and infrastructures in the Belgian waters. Therefore, international agreements are required to manage the resource since the oceans do not belong to any country. Thus, international organization like the FAO, USA,UNEP and Icelandic policies on the oceans and ecosystems management will maintain the marine ecosystem’s health, biodiversity and productive capacity of living resources to be utilized sustainably especially for the country Sierra Leone and the world.

Sallapudi David Brynerd is a versatile researcher having research and field experience in the areas of Anthropology, Poverty and Microfinance, Natural Resource Management, Technology Transfer, Employment Generation, Health, Women empowerment, besides his core research on “COMMONS”. Currently,

serving UIDAI as Manager (Communications) also pursuing his PhD in the Dept of Anthropology, University of Hyderabad, India. An anthropologist by trainingand Development professional by Profession have had experience of working in National and International Projects deals with Women Empowerment(Velugu Project) and Young Lives: An International Study on Childhood Poverty, Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihoods Project(APRLP), CARE(APSIP), Health Management Research Institute(HMRI). While keeping his academic vigor also interested in documenting Innovative Practices of Farmers/ entrepreneurs whose innovative ideas have had some impact on the communities. As a research scholar carried out intensive field work among Fishing communities for over a decade and recorded their customs, norms, self-governance patterns, and worldview apart from their Indigenous Knowledge systems. In NIRD he contributed immensely for the successful implementation of Technology Transfer Progarmme (ToT) in 5 backward states of India covering one lakh households. With regard to his writings, he penned a wonderful thesis on:” Ecosystemic Study of a Fishing Community in Andhra Pradesh which is regarded as a masterpiece in the field of Anthropological inquiry. Out of his systematic fieldwork over the years among fishing communities he is preparing an informative Ph.D thesis to submit the same to the University of Hydearbad.

In India very few research studies have focused on the indigenous institutions of fishing communities, associated customary rights and governance structure. Especially in India, the focus on indigenous institutions in fishing sector is not well documented by the researchers. This paper is an outcome of rigorous anthropological investigation into the indigenous knowledge and practices of the fisher folk in Coastal Andhra Pradesh. Indigenously evolved institutional form, “Valakatlu”, is still in vogue in the fishing villages of Indian coasts. This institution provides fish catch to the share-cropper (the right comes through lineage as ancestral immovable right) on the day of their turn (Vantu). Another institution “Ayyalu”, a community institution, includes both consanguineal and affinal kin members as partners while exploiting the resources in a given boundary of waters. After taking up aquaculture as a lucrative business in 1980s, the fishing community in the study area has withdrawn their attention in the traditional institutions. However, the recurrent huge losses in aqua farming motivated the community to reconstitute these indigenous institutions of higher social, economic, religious and ecological value. These common property institutions are self-governance structures that deal with rules and regulations, allocation of rights over territories, investment patterns, steering committee elections, transfer of rights, sanctions on violators of norms, etc. While narrating the structure and pattern of these institutions, the paper primarily examines the role of indigenous institutions in shaping socio-economic fabric of the fishing community. Secondly, it proposes to look at how these institutions are made use of by the community for creating sustainable livelihoods while conserving the resource base. Thirdly, it examines the community’s perspective of livelihood options derived out of rural developmental programs (State sponsored) and the livelihood choices carved out of rich natural resource base. The proposed paper probes into as to how the fishing community has become resilient by exploiting the benefits of natural resource bases and also rural development programs over the years.

Yuanzhi Zhang has his expertise in evaluation and passion in improving the remote estimation of urban impervious surfaces in coastal regions. His evaluation model based on combined use of spectral analysis and SAR information creates new pathways for improving the accuracy of impervious surfaces.

In this study we present the evaluation of urban impervious surface changes in coastal areas using remote sensing images. As an important manifestation of urbanization is the rise of impervious surface coverage, the urban internal distribution of impervious surface is a key indicator of evaluating the urban ecological environment. Therefore, the impervious surface estimation becomes increasingly important in aspects of evaluating the influence of urbanization on the environment. Meanwhile, the rapid development of satellite remote sensing technology provides a potential opportunity for characterizing and quantifying the distribution of urban impervious surface in coastal areas in cost-effective ways, especially for the large scale regions. In the study, urban impervious surfaces of coastal areas are extracted using the methods of combined use of V-I-S (vegetation-impervious-soil) model and LSMA (linear spectral mixture analysis) from the satellite images to evaluate the urban impervious surface changes of coastal areas in the study area of Shenzhen, China, from 2004 to 2014. The results show that the distribution of urban impervious surfaces was greatly increased in coastal areas of Shenzhen in recent 10 years. The ratio of urban impervious surface in Shenzhen is relatively high if compared with that of Hong Kong, which should be paid attention in the urban planning of the future.

Xiongzhi Xue has his expertise in marine and environmental study with particular emphasis on the integrated coastal management (ICM) and cumulative impact on coastal environment caused by human activities. He is the Executive Director of Coastal and Ocean Management Institute which is a special initiative by Xiamen University to contribute to human resource needs as well as to promote interdisciplinary and cross-boundary research in coastal and ocean management. Presently he is the Chief Expert of Collaborative Innovation Center for Peaceful Development of Cross Strait Relations, engaging in study of Cross-Strait cooperation of marine affairs.