Coastal Zones and Oceanography

Oceanology is the branch of Geography that studies the sea. It covers an extensive variety of subjects, including biological system elements; sea streams, waves, and geophysical liquid progression; plate tectonics and the topography of the ocean bottom; and fluxes of different synthetic substances and physical properties inside the sea and over its limits. These assorted subjects mirror different controls that oceanographers mix to further information of the World Sea and comprehension of Procedures inside space science, science, science, climatology, topography, geography, hydrology, meteorology and material science. Paleooceanography concentrates on the historical backdrop of the seas in the geologic past. Branches are of four sort's Biological oceanography, Chemical oceanography, Geological oceanography, Physical oceanography.

A coastal zone is a place where the land and water interfaces with each other. The Coastal Zones play an important role in the human survival because many people will occupy the coastal areas. Due to the interactions between the land and the water there are lot many changes occurred in the coastal zones. Integrated Coastal Management is an interdisciplinary approach to problem definition and solutions in the coastal zone. It provides that promote environmentally sustainable development.

Climate change is one of the most Drastic global issues.  After the beginning of the industries around the world it has resulted in the increase of toxic substances which will have a great impact on the climatic conditions, they keep on varying from their range. Natural and human systems of the coastal zones are harmful to the changes in the climate change. One of the important factors for the change in the climate change is sea level rise. In general the ecosystems will change if there is change in the acidic quantity and also a change in the temperature in the water. The change in the temperature is seen only in few regions of the earth. 

A coastal zone is a place where the land and water interfaces with each other. The Coastal Zones play an important role in the human survival because many people will occupy the coastal areas. Due to the interactions between the land and the water there are lot many changes occurred in the coastal zones. 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water so we can say that the marine ecosystem is the largest Ecosystem, where more than 90% of the Marine Ecosystem is covered by the marine environment.

Coastal tourism and recreation are important in the coastal zone; we believe that their impact is systematically undervalued both economically and as the most important driver of coastal development. Recreation in terms of developing Tourism and Infrastructure and aquaculture which improves the Nation’s Economy by planning and beach design is of prime importance. Petroleum Industry is majorly engaged with coastal zones. Coral reef resources are also another focused sector in outcome of natural resources. While engaging in the development of these areas, the risk reduction and land use planning have to be considered in terms of natural life forms and investigation of coastal environmental impact simultaneously predicting Environmental variations. sustainable development of coastal tourism depends on a number of factors, including: Good coastal management practices, especially related to location of infrastructure and provision of public access; Clean air and water, and healthy ecosystems; Maintenance of a safe and secure recreational environment, specifically relating to management of hazards, and provision of adequate levels of safety for boaters, swimmers and other recreational users; Beach restoration, including beach nourishment and other efforts that maintain and enhance the recreational and amenity values of beaches.

Biodiversity refers to the organisms that live together in a place forming a community or a locality, whereas marine biodiversity refers to the marine organisms that live in the oceans and seas. All the ecosystems will function accordingly favourable to the organisms living in that system. Marine biodiversity and marine ecosystem is the largest ecosystem as the earth is 70% covered with water. The oceans are the larger ecosystems on the earth they support the life systems. Conservation of Marinas is one of the vital interests of mankind.

Oceans play a vital role and it serves as a source of life. They are larger than the seas, a group of seas forms into an ocean geographically. At a world level, the predominant role of the oceans as a source of life and sustainable development is being considered. Every region will have their respective ocean and coastal policies to be followed for the development of coastal zone management.

Estuarine can be defined as the place where one or more rivers will gather to form a sea or a coastal body. Estuaries are the separations between the land and the sea. An Ecosystem can be defined as a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. An estuary ecosystems are those with the oceanic water which is mixed with the freshwater it is the area where the river meets the sea.

Coral reefs act as natural barriers, protecting coastal areas, communities, and beaches from heavy ocean waves. Without coral reefs, many beaches and buildings would become damaged to wave action and storm damage. Day by day there is a lot of changes in the storms and also there are a lot of changes seen in the climatic conditions these coastal protection services will become even more important. 

Marine pollution occurs when toxic substances like waste materials, agricultural wastes, and industrial wastes etc enters in to the ocean. In many of the cases Marine pollution comes from the land. Few ships discharge the waste materials directly into the water, deep sea mining, atmospheric pollution are the causes of marine pollution. Marine pollution will cause a major loss of the life’s of the marine organisms, because of the polluted area the organisms cannot receive the sufficient amount of oxygen and proper food and at last they leads to the damage of the complete marine biodiversity and marine ecosystem. 

Civilizations are the changes that has made by the human in development and organisation which is considered as most advanced. Maritime civilization is the study of human activity at sea. It covers a broad thematic element of history that often uses a global approach, although national and regional histories remain predominant.

Coastal Hazards leads to the risk in the life of living creatures which is caused by the coastal flooding, high winds and waves varying short and long term shoreline erosion. The major loss caused by the coastal hazards is property damage, loss of life and environmental degradation. Tsunami submarine earthquakes and landslides are few coastal hazards caused by movement or disturbance in the water caused in the oceans due to the sudden movement of the rocks under the earth.

The word maritime is related to the area that is connected to the sea. Maritime engineering includes the engineering of boats, ships, and oil rigs and many other marine vessel or structure, as well as oceanographic engineering. Specifically, marine engineering is the discipline of applying engineering sciences, including mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and computer science, to the development, design, operation and maintenance of watercraft propulsion and on-board systems and oceanographic technology. It includes but is not limited to power and propulsion plants, machinery, piping, automation and control systems for marine vehicles of any kind, such as surface ships and submarines.

Coastal developments are the human activities, performing the beachfront construction of homes, hotels, restaurants and roads for the purpose of coastal tourism and also included the things like beach nourishment seawall construction and Nearshore dredging and oil platform construction. A good coastal development will leads to a happy future of the organisms.

Coastal Resources include all the natural resources which occur in the water and nearby lands. Islands, salt marshes, wetlands, floodplains, estuaries, beaches, dunes, coral reefs come under coastal resources. Fishes and wildlife living in the water will come under coastal recreation. Coastal Natural resource Systems is important to the marine life habitats and it helps in supporting the marine living organisms. Wetlands, lagoons, sea grass beds, coral reefs and shallow bays are nursery or feeding areas for most coastal and many oceanic species. Coastal resources will be affected by a number of consequences of climate change. 

Marine geology or geological oceanography is the study of the history and structure of the ocean floor. It involves geophysical, geochemical, sedimentological and paleontological investigations of the ocean floor and coastal zone. Marine geology has strong ties to physical oceanography.

Marine geological studies were of extreme importance in providing the critical evidence for sea floor spreading and plate tectonics in the years following World War II. The deep ocean floor is the last essentially unexplored frontier and detailed mapping in support of both military objectives and economic objectives drives the research i.e. in Petroleum Field.

The physical, biological and social resources of our coastal and marine environment threatened by new global warming system have raised many questions. In terrestrial realm GIS has been widely used and applied to assist in precision management of agriculture, forestry, urban planning, business, and national defence. There is now equally strong demand for precision management of coastal and marine resources. The development of protected marine area which requires scientists and managers to asses resources usage having area time approach. So spatial as well as temporal approach needed. It requires having balance between optimum usage of resources and biological conservation . Marine GIS has wide range of applications and can be categorized as coastal, oceanographic, and fisheries. Oceanography describes mapping and measurement of major oceans and fisheries concern with management process of fisheries.

Ocean information is important for delivering a range of safety, economic and environmental benefits, underpinning the blue economy and for observations, modelling and analysis of marine and ocean variables to support operational ocean services worldwide. The means to collect and use ocean data constitutes a significant business enterprise and one in which the United States is an acknowledged world leader. The objective is to raise visibility and awareness of the sector’s economic importance and to determine the degree of private sector engagement with NOAA and the US IOOS program and provides accurate descriptions of the present state of the oceans, including living resources; continuous forecasts of the future conditions of the sea for as far ahead as possible, and the basis for forecasts of climate change. Marine Science Conferences aims is to aggregate the eminent researchers, academicians and scientists from the field of Marine Oceanography.

Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) is a sort of fuel oil and is a mix of gasoil and substantial fuel oil, with less gasoil than transitional fuel oil utilized as a part of the oceanic field. Marine Diesel Oil is likewise called "Distillate Marine Diesel". MDO is generally utilized by medium speed and medium/fast marine diesel motors. It is additionally utilized as a part of the bigger moderate speed and medium speed impetus motor which ordinarily consume remaining fuel. Those fills coming about because of a reactant splitting/.Marine diesel oil has been denounced for its nimiety of sulphur, such a large number of nations and associations set up directions and laws on MDO utilize. Because of its lower value contrasted with more refined fuel, MDO is supported especially by delivery industry